Want proficient Ruby on Rails developers that offer services related to the development and implementation of web applications using the Ruby on Rails framework? TopDevelopers saved your time with a list of the best Ruby on Rails development companies that can handle end-to-end web application development, customization, integration, and maintenance, enabling businesses to build robust and scalable applications solutions using Ruby on Rails (RoR). Explore the list to ease the process to hire Ruby on Rails developers.
1517 Companies | Last Updated 19 August, 2025
Enabling Digital Transformation Possibilities.
Difinity is an ISO 9001 and ISO 27001 certified digital solutions company with 600+ experts working full time across 3 Delivery Centres. Established in 2012, Difinity are headquartered in USA, with offices in the USA, Pakistan, and Dubai. We are winners of multiple awards and accolades from organizations like CII, Clutch, GoodFirms, Deloitte, Financial Times, Economic Times, and Bengal Chamber of Commerce. Our innovative “In-Demand Skills, On-Demand” allows businesses to ramp up their team for Web, Mobile, DevOps, AI/ML, or UI/UX Development…Explore the detailed profile of Difinity
1000+
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
USA
Excellence in Software Development & Consulting
Sprinterra is one of the top Acumatica development and service partners, offering range of tech solutions, data management, AI & ML services. Learn more : https://www.sprinterra.com/ Explore the detailed profile of Sprinterra
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$10001 - $25000
USA
Leading web design and website development company in
Codex Company is a leading web design and website development company in Auckland, New Zealand. We offer a wide range of services, including mobile app development, SEO, digital marketing, PPC, social media, branding, graphic design, e-commerce, and quality assurance. We are passionate about helping our clients succeed online. We understand that every business is different, and we tailor our services to meet the specific needs of each client. We work with you to understand your goals and objectives, and we develop a plan to help you achieve them.…Explore the detailed profile of Codex Company
51 to 250
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
New Zealand
Unlock your digital potential with Verticle Global Tech
We are Vertical Global Tech, a team turning your digital dreams into a reality. We are your innovation partners, devising and delivering efficient tech solutions for your complex business challenges. With a team of ambitious, experienced and skilled professionals as our torchbearers, we go above and beyond to help our clients achieve their business objectives. We understand the diverse tech-related challenges and requirements that a business might have, we aim to cater to them all through our innovative solutions. At Vertical Global Tech, we brainstorm,…Explore the detailed profile of Verticle Global Tech
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Blockchain dev || Web & Mob app dev || Web design
We take pride in providing quality services and solutions to our clients. At SoftQuake Systems we work around our customer(s) expectations. Our focus is on Innovation & Quality to exceed customer’s expectations. SoftQuake Systems Pvt. Ltd. brings the best combination of IT landscape knowledge and the industry best practices for Quality Methodology for service delivery, AGILE methodology to reduce the cycle time in order to deliver the product on-time, culture for KAIZEN (“Continuous Improvement”) and data protection practices.…Explore the detailed profile of Softquake Systems Pvt. Ltd.
11 to 50
$51 - $100
Less than - $5000
India
Improve Wisely
AnA is the leading Software development company with significant experience. We provide services for web development, Mobile Application development, Blockchain development, NFT marketplace development, Crypto development, and so on. We offer end-to-end support for your software requirement. Explore the detailed profile of AnA Info
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Empowering Future
WovV Technologies, a Global Business Productivity SaaS company, empowers users across 3000 locations in 50 countries to digitize their operations, get real-time decision-driven analytics, and improve productivity. WovVTech has a suite of 10 SaaS-based products and believes in the power of SaaS products to make a strong impact in the Indian IT ecosystem. WovVTech Recognitions- Top 20 Global SaaS startups recognized by CIOReview Top 10 Best SaaS companies in India, as recognized by CEOInsights Revolutionary Digital Transformation Company by…Explore the detailed profile of WovVTech
51 to 250
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Give your business a kick-start with us
Agile Softwares is a leading software development and IT consulting company where we work thoroughly to give your business and your idea the limelight it deserves. Explore the detailed profile of Agile Softwares
2 to 10
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Rule The Search Engine
A Digital Marketing Agency With 11 Years Of Experience Our full-service digital marketing agency provides various solutions and services designed to meet your specific business needs. We plan and work together to find the most promising ways to reach your target audience and provide the tools necessary to maximize your success. Our years of expertise ensure that your website will rank higher and function more effectively in today’s competitive internet market. Explore the detailed profile of Ranklords Digital Marketing
2 to 10
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
India
Australia's Leading Development and Digital Marketing
Your Team of IT Experts. Owned by 100% Australians Complete Openness & Reporting An IT Agency Driven by Growth 7+ years Straight forward Experience. Explore the detailed profile of SiteOptiq
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
Australia
MENA's #1 IT Services & Solutions Providers | $1 Billion+
Introduced in 2013, Fluper is MENA’s #1 IT Services and Solutions Provider. We are certified by Google, IBM, NASSCOM, NSIC, & MSME. Specialized in building Native Apps, we build brands like Careem, Talabat, Binghatti, Al Masaood, Tawasal, ADCB etc. Talking about the achievements, we have been awarded as the Best Startup of the Year 2018 by Innovate India and Ranked #1 Mobile App Developers by AppFutura, Clutch, and Good Firms in UAE. Why Choose Us? We have a vast experience in providing services with apparently boundless possibilities…Explore the detailed profile of Fluper Technologies W.L.L
11 to 50
Up to $25
$10001 - $25000
Bahrain
We Are a Full-Service Digital Agency
Code N Design Studios is a one-stop creative solution for all your design & development needs. We are a digital branding company with years of experience, over 100 In-house production units, and 20k+ satisfied clients globally. We work closely with our clients to understand their requirements, deliver timely results, and boost their business proficiency. Explore the detailed profile of Code N Design Studios
11 to 50
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
USA
Custom Development for Banking & Fintech
RND Point delivers solutions for Financial Industry since 2014. We offer custom software product development as well as integration of FICO and OutSystems platforms in banking, fintech and retail. We support our clients from decision making to working project, giving support in real time and augmenting clients' team. RND Point is a trusted partner for FICO and OutSystems integrating platforms for risk management, decision making, process automation, fraud detection, compliance, scoring and more. Explore the detailed profile of RNDpoint
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$10001 - $25000
UK
We design, build and scale web and mobile apps with aspiring
Tango builds digital products, apps and marketplaces with startups and fast-moving corporations. Over the years we worked with such corporates as EMI Music, Europcar, Philips, Orange, Aviva, Siemens, Avis and P&G. We specialise in: -Marketing strategy - having successfully globally scaled a number of ventures, we know what it takes to make it work - both from the product and marketing side. There are no magic tricks, just a lot of hard work and well-earned knowledge! -Mobile apps - we have world class Android and iOS teams experienced…Explore the detailed profile of Tango Agency
11 to 50
$51 - $100
Less than - $5000
Poland
From Roots to Result
We are a dynamic IT solutions provider and software development company, dedicated to bringing innovative technology solutions to businesses worldwide. Our team of passionate experts is committed to turning your ideas into reality, crafting comprehensive IT services and powerful software that empower organizations in today’s digital landscape. Join us on a journey to unleash the full potential of technology with DataRoot Solutions. Explore the detailed profile of Dataroot Solutions
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
software development company|top mobile app development
ThoughtWin is a renamed name in web/mobile design, development in the software industry, but – WHY? This is because we design and develop websites that represent your company and spread across the globe. The client's continued support, trust and recommendations are sufficient to describe the quality of our work. We define the goals, analyze the requirements and set the project schedule. Depending on your objectives and goals, a sensible approach is taken whereby solutions are developed to meet the needs of your organization. The company…Explore the detailed profile of Thoughtwin IT Solution
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$10001 - $25000
India
Supervillains for good!
Supervillain Software is a small shop custom development team working out of New York & Boston. We love to help businesses solve hard problems. Our expert developers have tackled all kinds of projects; large to small, long to short, corporate to humanitarian. We are Supervillains for good! Explore the detailed profile of Supervillain Software Group
2 to 10
$151 - $200
$10001 - $25000
USA
Accelerate your digital Transformation expedition
Corewave is a top mobile app development company that offers app development solutions in Delhi, India. Our app developers have the expertise to create mobile applications using AI and ML technologies. For more visit on- https://corewave.io/city/mobile-ap Explore the detailed profile of Corewave
11 to 50
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
Focus On Innovation - Software Company in India
CloudLogic Technologies is a global software development company. We primarily focus on Cloud Solutions AWS and Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Custom Software development, Mobile Application , Web application, ERP and CRM development. We are Amazon web services registered partner, Microsoft Azure Cloud technology and development partner. Cloudlogic Technologies taps into the power of Mobile, Web, Analytics, IoT, Social & Cloud technologies to develop custom software applications and products for industry domains such as Retail, Transportation…Explore the detailed profile of Cloudlogic Technologies
11 to 50
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
India
Quality Focused Digital Engineering
Welcome to Softovate, We are committed to providing quality software services. With over 10 years of expertise in the industry, We help businesses remove manual processes and streamline their operations in the digital world, we provide remote engineers who can assist businesses without the need to hire permanent engineers, saving them valuable resources. We develop products that cater to our client's ideas and bring them to life. We also help startups with their digital needs. At Softovate, we offer flexible engagement models, We provide monthly…Explore the detailed profile of Softovate Technologies Pvt Ltd
2 to 10
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
India
Best Software Company in Mysore
Tosko Technologies, the best IT software company in Mysore, delivers cutting-edge solutions for your business. Our expertise is your competitive advantage. Elevate your success with us today! Tosko Technologies is your trusted partner for innovative IT solutions. As a leading IT software company in Mysore, we offer a range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, digital marketing, and IT consulting. Our experienced team is dedicated to delivering high-quality solutions tailored to your unique business…Explore the detailed profile of Tosko Technologies
51 to 250
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Empowering Businesses with Innovative Software and Web
The ITLion - Empowering Businesses with Innovative Software and Web Solutions Welcome to The ITLion, your trusted partner in the realm of software and web solutions. As a leading provider of cutting-edge technology services, we specialize in helping businesses unleash their full potential in the digital landscape. With our unwavering commitment to excellence and a team of highly skilled professionals, we strive to deliver tailored solutions that drive growth, efficiency, and success. At The ITLion, we understand that each business is unique, with…Explore the detailed profile of ITLION Software Solutions
51 to 250
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Business Intelligent & innovative applications
Elite mCommerce an eCommerce mobile app development company that offers ready-made mobile app solutions for various businesses including retail stores, grocery stores, news portal and more. Elite mCommerce is a native iOS and Android eCommerce mobile application. Now, eCommerce store owner can easily build Magento mobile app and PrestaShop mobile app for their online business. With the help of Elite mCommerce mobile app, store owners can reach out to more number of customer’s thereby increasing revenue.…Explore the detailed profile of Elite mCommerce
2 to 10
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
USA, India
Go Digital
We are expert social media strategists, website designers, SEO providers, brand creators and “transcreators”(English/Spanish). We take the time to learn your business, study your market segment, know your competitors, understand your target market, then we do what we do best, we strategize and execute! We are Trends Marketing Consulting and we will take your business to the next Level. Explore the detailed profile of Trends Marketing Consulting
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
USA
Activating ideas and building brands
We are the leading web design, web development, and app development firm with expertise in developing and building Android, iOS, cross-platform, and web apps. Provides reliable, logical, and strategic digital marketing services including SEO, SMO, PPC, ORM, and robust solutions to our clients across the globe. Explore the detailed profile of eclickntech
11 to 50
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
India
Upcore Technologies: Pioneering Digital Excellence, Powering
Upcore Technologies is a pioneering Digital Experience Company that empowers enterprises and startups to thrive in the digital era. With a deep understanding of emerging technologies and a customer-centric approach, Upcore Technologies delivers cutting-edge solutions that drive innovation and disrupt industries. Leveraging the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Upcore Technologies creates intelligent and intuitive products that unlock new levels of efficiency, automation, and data-driven decision-making. Their expertise in Product Development…Explore the detailed profile of Upcore Technologies
11 to 50
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
USA
Top App Development
Top app development is rated as the top app development company in India and USA providing the highest quality and full range of applications for iOS app developers, Android app developers, Ionic platforms applications. Since its inception, we have brought over 50+ mobile applications. We help you identify your intellectual needs in a functional and ready-to-use model. We have a dedicated app development team of professionals and experts who can research, develop and make the app look and feel great. We provide state of art app development services…Explore the detailed profile of Top App Development
51 to 250
$101 - $150
$5001 - $10000
USA
Moving You Ahead.
Elevate your online presence with a custom mobile app and web app crafted by our team of expert designers and developers. Our commitment to delivering impactful projects is driven by client-focused values, trust, and unwavering dedication. As a leading software agency, we've earned our reputation by providing brands like yours with the latest in software innovation, encompassing mobile apps, web apps, and UI/UX design services. Don't wait – bring our experienced developers on board today! Explore the detailed profile of Zenkoders
11 to 50
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
USA
Build Your Offshore Tech Team With SoftLabNY
SoftLabNY is a New York-based software development team builder. We provide you with the most talented software development team to work with remotely. Whether you're expanding your team or simply need a dev team for your next project, we're here to help. Our database of experienced, knowledgeable, innovative, global talent is unmatched in the industry. Finding a qualified software development team is essential for companies preparing to launch a large project. Whether their stack is insufficient to handle the complex task, or they…Explore the detailed profile of SoftLabNY
11 to 50
$51 - $100
$5001 - $10000
USA
Empowering Your Technology Transformation.
Founded in 2021 and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, Cloud Consulting Inc. (CCI) is your trusted partner who co-innovates and transforms your technology using our agnostic Advisory, Managed and Professional Services. Our Commitment: Secure, Scalable, Innovative. We will deliver top-tier services to secure and scale your technologies, drive business growth, and foster innovation. Our team of seasoned experts and industry veterans harness advanced automation technologies including RPA, AI, and ML to provide reliable, efficient, and cost-effective…Explore the detailed profile of Cloud Consulting Inc.
51 to 250
$101 - $150
$50001 - $100000
USA
All-In-One Enterprise Business Solutions
WorkerMan is one of the growth partners in enterprise solutions and marketing strategies to support your online business. If you are looking for the right set of business solutions for your digital platform, WorkerMan is your go-to partner to satisfy your every business need. From website development and backend support to business promotions and customer relationship management, we support it all. Once you collaborate with our team and hand over your project, it's time to lay back and relax; we can provide you with a complete business package…Explore the detailed profile of WorkerMan
251 to 1000
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
India
Your Growth, Our Dedication.
At FutureOn Academy, we believe in the power of digital skills to transform lives and shape the future. Based in the heart of Bangladesh, we are dedicated to empowering our nation's next generation of innovators, entrepreneurs, and tech professionals. Our mission is to bridge the gap between ambition and opportunity. We provide practical, hands-on training in high-demand fields like Web Development, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Digital Marketing, and Video Editing. We reject traditional, theory-based learning; instead, our philosophy is…Explore the detailed profile of FutureOn Academy
11 to 50
$51 - $100
Less than - $5000
Bangladesh
Hire pre-vetted, top-tier Software Engineers
Pine technologies is a distinguished technology solutions provider with extensive experience in software development and branding strategies. We work in close collaboration with you to elevate your business and effectively address real-time challenges. We follow a data-driven approach and leverage the latest technologies and industry trends to optimize your operations. We prioritize open communication…Explore the detailed profile of Pine Technologies
The team exceeded the our expectations.
11 to 50
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
Pakistan, USA
We Take A People-Centered Approach To Web Design To Help
We offer individuals and businesses well-thought-out and comprehensive digital solutions that have proven to work the best for them. With an experienced team of professionals at your disposal and a high-end marketing plan, success is only as distant as execution! We work with the conviction that our customers define us hence we ensure what our customers get assists them in realizing their potential and achieving milestones while growing as a business. We have a niche for creativity and determination guiding you to the ultimate digital success.…Explore the detailed profile of OMY Digital
11 to 50
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
USA
Premier B2B Digital Solutions Partner for Small to Mid-Market
Reveation Labs is a premier B2B Digital Solutions Partner for Small to Mid-Market Enterprises, specializing in B2B eCommerce implementation, Generative AI, digital transformation, and blockchain technology. As a Virto Commerce Authorised Solution Provider and Microsoft Partner, we merge enterprise-level expertise with startup agility to reduce risk, lower costs, and accelerate growth. Through our integrated service offerings—from custom B2B Marketplace development and systems integrations to cutting-edge…Explore the detailed profile of Reveation Labs
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
USA
Ruby on Rails (RoR) is an open-source web application framework that is built using the Ruby programming language. It’s designed to make web development faster, easier, and more efficient by following the "convention over configuration" principle. This means that developers don’t have to write as much code to achieve common tasks, making it an ideal choice for building web applications quickly and with minimal complexity.
How Ruby on Rails Works: Ruby on Rails follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, which divides the application into three interconnected components:
This structure helps developers organize their code in a clean and efficient way, ensuring scalability and ease of maintenance. RoR also comes with a range of built-in tools and libraries (called gems) that help developers build features like authentication, payment processing, and file uploads, without reinventing the wheel.
Why Ruby on Rails is Popular: Ruby on Rails is known for its rapid development cycle. With its simple syntax and predefined structures, developers can quickly build, test, and deploy applications. Its robust ecosystem, large community, and constant updates make it a go-to framework for startups and enterprises alike.
While hiring individual Ruby on Rails developers can be an option, partnering with a specialized Ruby on Rails development company offers several distinct advantages that can ensure the success of your project:
How can businesses benefit from partnering with a Ruby on Rails development company?
Ruby on Rails development companies offer a wide array of services tailored to businesses seeking scalable and high-performance web applications. These services include:
What are the key benefits of custom Ruby on Rails web development?
Finding the best Ruby on Rails development company requires careful evaluation to ensure your project is handled with expertise and professionalism. Here are the key factors to consider:
How do I choose the best Ruby on Rails agency for my business?
Here are some tips to help you find the best fit:
What qualities should a Ruby on Rails website development company have?
The cost of hiring a Ruby on Rails development company can vary significantly depending on several factors such as project scope, complexity, location, and the expertise of the developers. Here’s a breakdown of what you can expect when working with a Ruby on Rails development agency:
How do Ruby on Rails development companies determine pricing for a project?
Ruby on Rails development companies generally base their pricing on several key factors:
It’s important to have a clear discussion about your budget and requirements upfront to avoid any misunderstandings and to ensure you are getting the best value for your investment.
When hiring a Ruby on Rails development agency or ROR company, it’s important to ensure they possess the qualities that will contribute to the success of your project. Here are the top qualities to look for:
How can I be sure that a Ruby on Rails company is the right fit for my project?
TopDevelopers.co is an excellent platform for businesses looking to find reliable, skilled Ruby on Rails development companies. Here’s how we can help:
By using TopDevelopers.co, you can save time, avoid the hassle of endless research, and quickly connect with Ruby on Rails development agencies that are best suited to turn your ideas into reality.
When evaluating a Ruby on Rails development company, reviewing their case studies and success stories is crucial to understanding the kind of results they deliver. These case studies not only demonstrate their technical expertise but also give you a clear idea of how they’ve helped businesses achieve their goals using Ruby on Rails. Here are a few examples of successful Ruby on Rails projects that highlight the capabilities of Ruby on Rails developers and agencies:
These success stories illustrate the versatility and power of Ruby on Rails in powering everything from startups to enterprise-level applications. If you’re considering hiring a Ruby on Rails development company for your project, reviewing their past work, especially case studies, can provide valuable insights into how they approach development challenges and deliver results.
For businesses looking to explore Ruby on Rails development services, TopDevelopers.co can help connect you with top Ruby on Rails development agencies and provide examples of successful Ruby on Rails projects tailored to your industry and goals.
A Ruby on Rails development company specializes in building and maintaining web applications using the Ruby on Rails framework. These companies focus on leveraging the power and flexibility of RoR to create custom solutions tailored to their clients' business needs. They offer a range of services including web app development, API integrations, e-commerce solutions, and more. Whether you're looking to build a new website, optimize an existing one, or create a robust backend system, a Ruby on Rails development agency has the necessary expertise and experience to guide you through the process.
Ruby on Rails developers are responsible for writing and maintaining the codebase of applications built using the Ruby on Rails framework. Their key responsibilities include building the structure and features of the application, ensuring it is secure, fast, and scalable. Ruby on Rails developers work on both the front-end and back-end components, collaborating with UI/UX designers to ensure a seamless user experience. They are also responsible for integrating third-party services and APIs, ensuring that the application meets both business and technical requirements. Whether you need a Ruby on Rails backend developer for server-side programming or a Ruby on Rails expert for complex integrations, these developers play a crucial role in making your project a success.
Ruby on Rails development services encompass a wide range of offerings provided by Ruby on Rails development companies to help businesses build scalable, high-performance web applications. These services can include everything from custom web application development and API integrations to e-commerce solutions and mobile app backends. A Ruby on Rails consultant might help you plan the architecture of your application, while a Ruby on Rails contractor could be hired for specific tasks or short-term projects. Furthermore, many ROR companies offer post-launch support and maintenance, ensuring your application stays secure and continues to meet the growing demands of your business.
The cost of Ruby on Rails development services depends on several factors such as the project’s complexity, the number of features required, and the experience of the developers or development agency. On average, you can expect hourly rates to range from $50 to $150 per hour, depending on whether you are working with local or offshore Ruby on Rails development companies. For a more extensive, custom-built application, you may be looking at fixed-price contracts ranging from $5,000 to $100,000+. The exact cost will be determined by the scope of your project, the level of customization required, and the specific services you need from a Ruby on Rails development company.
Choosing the best Ruby on Rails agency for your business involves evaluating several critical factors. Start by defining your project requirements clearly—whether you’re developing a custom web application, mobile app backend, or e-commerce platform. Look for Ruby on Rails development companies with proven experience in your industry, and check their portfolio to see if they’ve worked on similar projects. You should also assess their communication and project management processes—working with a company that has clear and transparent communication will ensure smooth project execution. Don’t forget to inquire about ongoing support and maintenance services, as a reliable Ruby on Rails development company will help you maintain and scale your application as your business grows.
Several well-known companies and brands use Ruby on Rails for their web applications and platforms. Some of the most prominent examples include companies that use Ruby on Rails such as Airbnb, GitHub, Shopify, Twitch, and Basecamp. These companies have chosen Ruby on Rails due to its flexibility, scalability, and developer-friendly environment, making it an ideal choice for startups and large enterprises alike. If you are considering building a high-performance web application, these examples demonstrate how effective Ruby on Rails companies can be at creating solutions that scale with business growth.
When hiring a Ruby on Rails website development company, it’s important to look for specific qualities that will ensure the success of your project. A great agency should have a deep understanding of Ruby on Rails and experience in developing a wide range of applications. They should be able to demonstrate technical expertise, especially in areas like Ruby on Rails backend development and API integrations. A strong portfolio showcasing their work on complex, scalable projects is also crucial. Additionally, the company should emphasize clear communication and provide transparent project timelines. Lastly, ongoing support and maintenance should be offered to ensure the long-term success of your application.
The timeline for building a website with Ruby on Rails can vary based on the complexity of the project and the features required. For a simple website or web application, the development process may take around 2 to 3 months. However, more complex projects, such as e-commerce sites or enterprise-level applications, can take 6 months or longer to develop. Factors such as the size of the development team, availability of resources, and scope of the project will impact the timeline. To get a more accurate estimate, it's best to consult with a Ruby on Rails development agency that can assess your requirements and provide a tailored timeline.
In 2025, Ruby on Rails development companies will focus on enhancing performance, integrating with emerging technologies like AI and big data, and improving security to meet evolving industry needs. As businesses continue to prioritize speed, scalability, and data-driven solutions, Ruby on Rails will remain a top choice for building robust web applications.