Are you searching for the best mobile game development company to develop game applications? Or do you want to connect with game developers to help you with game ideas and development to deployment and support? TopDevelopers.co is your go-to partner, offering a free and transparent platform to choose the game development agency of your choice, in your budget and to your needs. This platform is reliable for finding the best game development companies for web, mobile, PC, and other game development projects. They are reliable because they are analyzed and selected by our experts to list and rank them on our platform. Every mobile game development studio listed here is vetted and handpicked to suit your varied needs. Choose your game development partner now.
1021 Companies | Last Updated 08 May, 2025
Your Business Thrive on Crystaltech Services!
Established in 2019, Crystaltech Services Pvt Ltd aspires to design and develop creative web apps, mobile apps, software and related solutions. Using modern technology and latest marketing trends, we create functional website and application that works seamlessly on different browsers. Since our Software Development Company is based in India, we are experts in developing and deploying the products what you need. Our IT experts are fully focused on teamwork and the quality of work to help you empower your business and IT infrastructure.…Explore the detailed profile of CRYSTALTECH™
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Connecting People & Technologies
HD Enterprises operates following the motive of “Connecting peoples & Technologies” by continue providing excellent service in IT Development and convert our client's requirement in valuable solutions. H.D. Enterprises, an American Web Application Development Company located in Florida, provides three principal services to our clients- who tend to be small to medium-sized businesses: Websites, Applications, and Databases. Our clients span three time zones across the United States. Our digital presence is more than our geographical location,…Explore the detailed profile of HD Enterprises
2 to 10
$51 - $100
$5001 - $10000
USA
Digital Advertising & App development company: We care
GeekTech is a Result-Driven Conversion-oriented and Audience-Targeted Marketing Agency that turns any online business into a well-established BRAND. From Search Engine Optimization, PPC Google Paid Marketing, and Social Media Marketing to Website Design, Web Development, and App Development (Android/iOS), with our digital marketing and development services. We exceed your expectations, position you for success and help you achieve your goals in a short span. Geek Tech provides a full suite of digital marketing, web/mobile app design, development…Explore the detailed profile of Geek Informatic & Technologies
51 to 250
Up to $25
$10001 - $25000
India
Unique Logo Designs - Professional Logo & Web Design,
Unique Logo Design is Award Winning Design agency based on multiple place in USA. Unique Logo Design have 10+ year of experience in graphic design, web design & development, Search engine optimization(SEO), search engine marketing(PPC), Social Media Marketing(SMM), iPhone & Android(Hybrid) mobile app development and marketing, Email Marketing, Reputation Management and Video Animation. Explore the detailed profile of Unique Logo Designs
2 to 10
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
USA
Partnering game developers with our talent-rich teams
MLC Studio empowers game developers with adaptable, talent-rich teams and trusted partnerships, providing the precision of a studio with the flexibility of outsourcing to drive game success with confidence. Studios come to MLC Studio as their go-to partner focused on flexibility, productivity and quality without compromise. Our highly skilled team is built on our dedication to being the best place to work. We’re a culture of loyalty, expertise and empowerment, with industry-leading retention rates and happiness. This stability means that…Explore the detailed profile of MLC Studio
51 to 250
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
UK
Your Tech Partner to Challenge Your Limits
Established in Palo Alto, USA, and later expanded to Kerala, India, Exalture has been coding and designing digital applications since 2013. With a strong team of developers and engineers, we have been passionate about developing web and mobile apps for iPhone and Android devices. Having achieved 100% client satisfaction, we’re committed to offering services, including mobile app development, website designing & development, game development, UI/UX design, automation testing, and much more. We believe that the success of our customers…Explore the detailed profile of Exalture Software Labs Inc
11 to 50
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
USA, India
Revolutionizing Business Industries with On-Demand Solutions
Apps on Demand is a progressive on-demand app development company that helps visionary entrepreneurs and startups in launching their mobile app. With an in-house team of experience on-demand app developers, we provide end-to-end solutions to help you build your on-demand app solution. At Apps on Demand, our main goal is to take out guesswork from technology for your startup and help you enter the amazing and profitable on-demand mobile app industry. Explore the detailed profile of Apps On Demand
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$10001 - $25000
USA
Evolve with Technology
At Abacasys, we are pioneers in the world of technology dedicated to solving our clients' business challenges with a diverse range of expertise. Our commitment to excellence is evident in our success across key domains like providing comprehensive IT services, custom software development, sales and marketing automation, user-friendly ERP solutions and promoting a paperless environment. Our approach has always been client centric; ensuring that every aspect of your IT needs is not just met, but exceeded. Our dedicated works round the clock…Explore the detailed profile of Abacasys Corporation
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
USA
Transforming Media
We are a close team of design and technology professionals, based out of the Pearl City Hyderabad. We help businesses in their digital transformation, with a full stack of services across development, design and brand consulting verticals. Explore the detailed profile of RevMedia
11 to 50
$51 - $100
Less than - $5000
India
You Deserve An App That Actually Generates Users
We help businesses generate an avalanche of traffic and users through high-converting apps & paid advertising unlike ever seen before! We work with a wide range of industries and niches. Delivering world-class, pixel-perfect apps that actually generate users. Explore the detailed profile of ConvrtX
2 to 10
$51 - $100
$10001 - $25000
Canada
Dual way for Solutions
Duplex Technologies Services Pvt Ltd is a result-oriented consulting, user-centric and design-focused development Company for mobile and web solutions. We are an experienced, enthusiastic and passionate team of UX, consulting, designing, development and quality delivery in software development and mobile application ecosystem. Explore the detailed profile of Duplex Technologies Services
11 to 50
$51 - $100
$5001 - $10000
India
Driving Change Through Technology
NGS Solution has been a leading company in the industry for over a year. Our profound services include the development of mobile application, websites, Sharepoint development & Consultant, SHarePoint Online, Power BI, Microsoft power platform, custom software development, web applications, open source, outsourced production, frontend, etc. More than 50 workers at NGS Solution are bespoke experts in the USA. Indeed, they have successfully built solutions for more than 50 businesses to date. Our greatness lies in the fact that many businesses…Explore the detailed profile of NGS Solution
11 to 50
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
USA
Best Custom or e-Commerce Website Design Company in US
At WebFox, our website developers provide expert Web Development Services and best web design services to our clients. WebFox offers a variety of website design and development services, from creating web development solutions and responsive website designs to building custom e-commerce and intranet experiences using the latest and proven web technologies.At WebFox, we work to fulfill the requirements of the clients in the area of Web Hosting, Web Development, Mobile App Development, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Service, E-commerce Solution,…Explore the detailed profile of WebFox
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$10001 - $25000
USA
GameApp Developer Companyy
At Appex Games, we bring creative visions to life through immersive and engaging gameplay experiences. Specializing in mobile, web, console, AR/VR, and PC game development, we design and develop games that push the boundaries of fun and innovation. Whether you're looking for cutting-edge game design or a seamless development process, Appex Games is here to turn your ideas into reality. Join us in shaping the future of gaming!" Explore the detailed profile of Appexgames
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$25001 - $50000
USA
Game And Web Development Company
We are a top technology partner dedicated to helping businesses in recognizing the potential of the digital age. From custom software development to cloud-based infrastructure, our wide suite of services is designed to open up new possibilities, simplify techniques, and grow your business into the future. Welcome to MaxWay InfoTech, where innovation meets execution. Explore the detailed profile of Maxway Infotech
11 to 50
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
India
VR Gamedev Company | 3D Services
Svaiy Art started its journey in 2020 as a small 3D game assets development studio and quickly grew to become a leading VR game service provider. We specialize in high-quality graphics and performance optimization. Coupled with a professional attitude towards confidentiality and production deadlines, we've maintained our gamer roots and the cheerful spirit of a startup while still being swift to engage in projects and committed to friendly communication. We will do our best to show you that Svaiy Art is the best VR company for you! --…Explore the detailed profile of SVAIY ART
11 to 50
$51 - $100
$5001 - $10000
UK, Italy
A Game, AR and VR, and Unity Games Development Company
Q99 Studio is an industry-renowned game and AR/VR app development company known for its cutting-edge solutions and captivating experiences. Our talented game developers and designers utilize cutting-edge techniques to craft products that push interactive entertainment further afield—everything from mobile games to immersive AR/VR apps; Q99 Studio delivers excellent quality services while driving success for its clients. Explore the detailed profile of Q99 Studio
51 to 250
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Ushering In Innovation
Idea Usher is a leading tech solution provider specializing in app development,blockchain, Web3 innovations, and AI-powered platforms. With a robust portfolio spanning hundreds of projects, we deliver cutting-edge solutions across industries such as healthcare, finance, gaming, and more. Our team harnesses the latest advancements in blockchain, IoT, and augmented reality to create transformative digital experiences. We work closely with each client, from startups to established brands like Gold's Gym, to build tailored solutions that drive…Explore the detailed profile of Idea Usher
251 to 1000
$26 - $50
$10001 - $25000
USA, India
Transforming Visions Into Cross-Platform Reality
Incrosoft, established in 2020, is Bangladesh's premier cross-platform software and solutions provider. Our mission is clear: to deliver exceptional software solutions that empower businesses of all sizes and industries. With a team of ingenious developers adept in cutting-edge technologies, we stay ahead of industry trends to meet our clients' unique needs. Specializing in retail, restaurants, sales, distribution, and healthcare, our innovative solutions cater to diverse industries. From super stores to specialty boutiques, restaurants…Explore the detailed profile of Incrosoft
11 to 50
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
Bangladesh
Revolutionizing The SaaS Experience
AppsNative SaaS Lab stands at the forefront of technological innovation, expertly blending sophisticated mobile and web development to pioneer transformative digital solutions. As leaders in creating both native and hybrid apps, as well as compelling web portals and games, our commitment lies in delivering exceptional products that not only fulfill but anticipate the needs of our clients. Our team…Explore the detailed profile of AppsNative SaaS Lab
They were able to smoothly coordinate expectations between multiple teams to track deliverables in a clear & organized manner.
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
USA
Best App, Web, game development & Cloud services in Delhi
NTPL Tech offers a range of services that include web application development, mobile app development, eCommerce development, and Cloud Services. They have a team of skilled professionals who can help you create a customised web application that meets your specific needs. Some of the benefits of working with NTPL Tech include: 1. Skillful and experienced professionals 2. Proven track record of success 3. Customised solutions that meet your specific needs 4. Affordable pricing 5. Fast turnaround times 6. Round-the-clock support If you are…Explore the detailed profile of NTPL Tech
251 to 1000
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
India
Software Development Company
Bezzie Technologies is an product development company. we offer a wide range of IoT, rapid prototype development services. Our Custom IoT product development team creates web, mobile and embedded products. Clients are happy with our work. Explore the detailed profile of Bezzie Technologies
11 to 50
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
India
Software Development, RPA & AI/ML Solutions, Education
The mission of KvonTech Consultancy Services Private Limited is to design and create the most innovative services and deliver them to the client according to their specific needs. We strive to provide the most creative models or designs at the most affordable prices. Exceed client's expectations by going beyond software to provide best Web solutions that transform data into knowledge, enabling them to solve their problems. Explore the detailed profile of KvonTech Consultancy Services
11 to 50
$26 - $50
Less than - $5000
India
"Buy Full Code" is the one of the best and Fast game development company. We're the Most popular Whitelable gaming solution provider. Just buy source code, rebrand it & sell it. We've Ready made games like, Point Rummy | Poker | Fantasy Cricket | TeenPatti | Ludo & much more... Explore the detailed profile of BuyFullCode
2 to 10
Up to $25
$5001 - $10000
India
Smarter Solutions to Improve Your Business
Devstree IT Services UK is a mobile app developer and game developer company since 2014. We are having best app developers in town. A leading custom app developer company in UK. We Provide Consumer-Centered Web and App development services. Devstree provides services ranging from web, mobile, and game designing and extends to the AR/VR services sector. We are a competent digital service providers group made up of talented designers and knowledgeable engineers. Explore the detailed profile of DEVSTREE IT SOLUTIONS LIMITED
51 to 250
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
UK
Website Design & Development
Tech Tale Studios LLC excels in Brand Development and WordPress Development, offering tailored solutions to elevate your business. As a premier Brand Development Company, we craft distinctive brand identities that resonate with your audience and build lasting impressions. Our WordPress Development expertise ensures you receive high-quality, custom websites that are visually compelling and functionally robust. Whether you're looking to redefine your brand or create a dynamic online presence, our team delivers innovative, results-driven solutions…Explore the detailed profile of Tech Tale Studios LLC
51 to 250
$151 - $200
$5001 - $10000
USA
Web3 and mobile games solutions provider
We are Galaxy4Games - a team of high-skilled game industry veterans and innovators. We have a great experience in creating various games – Mobile games and GameFi, Web3 Metaverses, casual and mid-core, ecosystems around blockchain and NFT, smart contracts and more. This experience allows us to go further in this journey and create Metaverse, build successful and competitive products. We suggest the best game solutions, mechanics, and ideas. Explore the detailed profile of Galaxy4Games
11 to 50
$26 - $50
$50001 - $100000
Estonia
One-stop solution to give wings to your business!
Vsple Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is an ISO certified 9001:2015 company for the following scope: SOFTWARE, MOBILE APPLICATION, AND WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT. We come up with core agency staff and a consistent, close-knit team of specialists who are experienced enough to provide incredible work quality specially in Mobile App Development Domain. Why Vsple? We’re often asked where our name came from, and that’s simple – our working philosophy is defined by two soul words: Vivid + Splendid. We believe that actual innovation and zeal to hit…Explore the detailed profile of Vsple Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
11 to 50
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
India
Game Development, Gamification and Artwork Service Provider
Consulting & Development Powerhouse for your successful product launch in entertainment, education and brand promotion. We are a game development company based in Melbourne, Australia, dedicated to creating custom game projects for clients. Our team of skilled developers and designers work closely with clients to bring their ideas to life and deliver engaging and immersive gaming experiences. Key offerings: Project Discovery. A comprehensive Discovery phase for game development, including game design document creation, game flow chart and UX…Explore the detailed profile of Fgfactory Australia
11 to 50
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
Australia
Mobile App Development Company
Iconix App Studio is a leading mobile app development company in Houston, Texas. We specialize in providing top-notch mobile application services (iOS and Android). Our highly professional mobile app developers, designers, and strategists are fueled with creativity and passion for building elegant and functional applications that solve complex problems. Explore the detailed profile of Iconix App Studio
51 to 250
$51 - $100
$5001 - $10000
USA
We Forge Frontiers
Futurristic is a leading provider of immersive technology solutions, specializing in game development, blockchain, metaverse platforms, and a full suite of cutting-edge applications. Since our inception, we have empowered businesses with innovative mobile apps, web apps, enterprise solutions, and AR/VR/XR/MR experiences. Our team of skilled developers and creative professionals brings ideas to life through Vision Pro apps, augmented reality marketing tools, and virtual reality simulations. Whether you’re looking for custom software development…Explore the detailed profile of Futurristic Business Solutions
11 to 50
Not Disclosed
$5001 - $10000
India
Leading Mobile App Development Company
Established in 2009, Magnates Technologies have decades of combined experience building and operating multiple digital development firms. As a leading mobile applications development company, we admit that our niche services in mobile application development consulting and technology harnessing are fuelled by technical and creative innovation to become a specialist provider of end-to-end solutions in mobile application development. We kept ourselves updated with changing landscape in the mobile computing industry and as the time came.…Explore the detailed profile of Magnatesage
11 to 50
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
India
Bytrix Technologies
Bytrix Technolgies is a leading mobile app development company in USA. Offering android app development, iOS app development and mobile game development solutions. Explore the detailed profile of Bytrix Technologies
11 to 50
$26 - $50
$5001 - $10000
USA
Managed IT Services and Web Solutions
TurtlTech is an innovative technology company that specializes in providing cutting-edge managed IT services, cybersecurity and Web solutions for businesses looking to streamline their operations and improve efficiency. Founded in 2022, TurtlTech stands as a pioneering force in the realm of information technology services; renowned for exceptional managed IT services, Cybersecurity and Web solutions. To mark our presence in digital era, TurtlTech has recently launched their own products such as Dating App, business app and travelling app which…Explore the detailed profile of TurtlTech
51 to 250
Up to $25
Less than - $5000
India
Where Innovation Meets Application Excellence
App Developer Hub, situated in the heart of Miami, is your premier partner for comprehensive mobile app solutions. Our skilled team excels in Android app development, iOS app development, game development, on-demand app development, ecommerce app solutions, and Flutter app development. We combine creativity and technology to craft exceptional apps that stand out in the digital landscape. Whether you're a startup or an established enterprise, our custom solutions cater to your unique needs. Join hands with us to transform your app vision into…Explore the detailed profile of App Developer Hub
51 to 250
$51 - $100
Less than - $5000
USA
Game development companies offer comprehensive game development services. You need to check their service list to ensure they offer services for the game application you want to build. Here, we have suggested some of the top services:
Gaming companies offer game development and deployment services for mobile, consoles, web, and desktop. Usually, the full cycle of game development refers to the entire process of creating a game from the beginning to the end. The game development process is complex and passes through a lot of processes, and only experienced game development agencies with vetted resources can handle the hassle.
Game design ideation refers to creating a roadmap and ideas for video games. It can be discussing the game development with stakeholders, brainstorming, creating prototyping, testing iterations, and coding visual elements. During game design ideas, the team sits together and discusses aspects like rules, goals, characters, challenges, and compelling stories.
Sometimes, a game application is developed for one platform, but after some time, the game owner wants to adopt the same for different operating systems or multiple platforms. So, the process of transferring video games from one platform to another is called game porting. Businesses usually do this to make a game more accessible worldwide. It appears easy, but it’s also the most complex process that only experienced mobile game developers can handle. For example, porting is not only about coding for another platform but also about making it accessible across different Operating Systems (Windows, Linux, MacOS, PlayStation, Xbox, etc.) and mobile devices.
Mobile game development companies, with their expertise in 3D game development, create tailor-made 3D game projects. With world-class resources, they use industry-standard technologies to create quality-driven 3D game projects. With comprehensive game development services, they offer qualified professionals, design art artists, designers, and programmers who not only streamline the process but also create 3D games for modern platforms.
While game art makes mobile games or other video game products visually appealing with the unique characters, objects, scenery, and more, the game design turns those elements into coding. The game design focuses more on creating and shaping the mechanics, systems, rules, challenges, and solutions of the game application. You need experienced game art artists and game designers to make the game fun and engaging.
It’s a quality assurance (QA) process in which the team tests the mobile game’s quality on different devices. The testing of the mobile games includes compatibility testing, identifying bugs, and improving the overall gaming experience.
Live operations (Live Ops) is when a game development company makes changes within the game applications without releasing a new version of it. It’s a part of game management that takes place throughout the game’s life. For example, it can be monitoring player engagement, collecting feedback, and even making changes and updating games with new content, etc.
Before you develop a game application, mobile game development companies help you with creating a visual mock-up of mobile games. It includes the basic game designed with a few most necessary functions. It is created either on a piece of paper or as a high-fidelity clickable document. Businesses create mobile game prototypes to affirm their gaming ideas, validate the gameplay, and even identify the problems that might occur post-release.
First off, specialization differs from one game development company to another, even if they claim to develop all types of game applications. But it’s good to know all types of game development. We have explored some of the top game development types that game developers expertise in.
Mobile game development companies offer game development services for smartphones and tablets. It can be creating specialized Android game development, iOS game development, or both.
Whether you want to develop games for Xbox, PlayStation, or Nintendo consoles, game development expert with console-specific game development expertise, can help you create the game.
PC game development is when a game development company helps you develop game applications for personal computers.
Game development service provider that specialize in AR/VR game development focus on creating applications that deliver immersive experiences. They use AR or VR technologies for creating games.
Game development firms expertise in creating game applications that can run on web browsers, and users don’t need to download the game application.
Many mobile game development companies specialize in developing simulation applications. It usually simulates real-world scenarios. Businesses build this for training purposes.
Apart from these, many game developers expertise in category-wise game development, which includes developing adventure games, action games, role-playing games, casual games, and puzzle games, to name just a few.
Working with a Top-rated game development company can help you with various perks. It can be getting access to experienced game application developers, designers, QAs, game art artists, sound professionals, and more. However, these benefits you get when you have the right game development companies working on your side.
Partnering with game development companies with reputed names in the industry will help you develop quality games on top of the latest technologies and tools.
Partnering with a trusted mobile game development company comes with the surety of on-time delivery. They have an experienced team, tools, resources, and infrastructure that help them deliver projects on time. On-time project delivery not only helps you with quicker time to market but also saves significant time and money.
When you partner with reliable and popular game development companies, and you get higher quality assurance. They have waited for experts with vast experience in development and can help you with quality development. They have team of expert game developers who understand how to deliver quality game applicaton. They have experience and hence they develop video games on time while keeping the quality of the application intact.
Most companies have vetted game developers who have worked with various industries. This gives them the ability to create applications of your choice. They can help you make applications for all categories.
When you have experienced team members, such as mobile game developers and other engineers, working on your game project, there is less chance of any risk. Creating a mobile game, a web game, a PC game, or others are high-risk endeavor; you can reduce that by collaborating with a game development studio.
Flexibility in game development is crucial as it compasses complex processes. You need repeated experiments, iterations, adapting changes, and working feedback. These can only be achieved if you have the flexibility. When it comes to game app development, having a detailed project scope and development time frame can be extremely crucial. You get this flexibility when you have reliable game development studios working on your project. They can add additional resources when required.
Game engineers at reputed game development firms receive regular training, participate in creative activities, and often work with programmers, illustrators, and testers. They have creatively developed themselves to design, develop, and deliver the best games that surpass all phases, from conceptualization to development and testing.
Selecting the right game development agency depends on certain factors. They can be costs, expertise, portfolio ranges, quality work experience, and more. Here, we have explained some of the proven methods to find and select the best game development service provider; let’s explore.
Before you hire game developers, you need to evaluate your needs first. For example, what objective you want to achieve with the game applications, how many team members you need to fulfill those expectations, and what is your budget.
Gaming companies with extensive portfolio ranges and experience in game development can add a feather to the cap. You can ask your game development partner to show you some of their past work similar to your requirements. Ask them to explain the case study for the project.
Check the reviews the mobile game app development companies have received across channels. Besides, you can explore their websites and check testimonials from past clients.
Do the game developers have the specialization you need for your game project? You can know this by asking about their expertise in game development and checking their past work.
Game development experts must have good hands-on experience with various technologies. They must have front-end and back-end engineers supported by vetted UX/UX design experts, QAs, and others.
Checking the cost of game development is a crucial factor in ensuring that gaming company offer services within your budget.
The cost of hiring a mobile game development partner can depend on the hiring model you choose. For fixed-cost hiring, you may have to pay around $10,000 to $50,000 for basic game development. However, for complex game development, the cost will rise to $500,000 depending on the type of projects you have. If you choose game development agencies using T&M models, you may have to pay around $25 to $199 per hour. The charges may vary from one company to another and one region to another.
There are various factors, such as expertise, experienced team, reviews, portfolios, relevancy, and budget are some of the top factors you need to keep in mind while selecting a mobile game development company.
The time it takes to develop a game application depends on the type of game you have to build. The development time will also differ depending on the number of experts working on the projects. Apart from this, game development companies' expertise, experience, and team will impact the time it takes to develop the game applications. Generally, 2D game development takes around 2 months to 4 months while developing a game like “Tripple-A” (AAA) can take time up to 3 to 5 years.
The mobile game development costs will be anywhere between $10,000 to $50,000, though an app like BattleField may cost you around $100,000 to $500,000.
Unity, Unreal Engine, Cocos2d, GoDot, GameMaker, RPG Maker, and CryEngineare some of the top game development engines used by top game development agencies.
There are more than 900 game development companies listed on TopDevelopers.co, and the number is constantly increasing day in and day out as we continue to receive listing requests from different game development companies around the world.
Game developers use AR/VR, Cloud technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) technologies for game creation.
The team you should have for mobile game development includes an experienced designer with expertise in game development, design art artists, QAs, game engineers, sound engineers, game developers, BA, and others.